Gertrude Goldhaber (1911-1998)

From Wikipedia:

Gertrude Scharff was born in Mannheim, Germany on July 14, 1911.[1] Goldhaber attended public school, and it is there that she developed an interested in science. Unusual for the time, her parents supported this interest — possibly because her father had wanted to be a chemist before being forced to support his family with the death of his father.

Goldhaber's early life was filled with hardship. During World War I she recalled having to eat bread made partially of sawdust, and her family suffered through the hyperinflation of postwar Germany, although it did not prevent her from attending the University of Munich.

Studying at the University of Munich
At the University of Munich Goldhaber quickly developed an interest in physics. Although her family had supported her early interested in science, her father encouraged her to study law at Munich. In defense of her decision to study physics Goldhaber told her father, “I’m not interested in the law. I want to understand what the world is made of.”

As was usual for students at the time, Goldhaber spent semesters at various other universities including the University of Freiburg, the University of Zurich, and the University of Berlin (where she would meet her future husband) before returning to the University of Munich. Upon returning to Munich Goldhaber took up a position with Walter Gerlach to perform her thesis research. In her thesis Goldhaber studied the effects of stress on magnetization. She graduated in 1935 and published her thesis in 1936.

With the rise to power of the Nazi party in 1933, Goldhaber faced increasing difficulties in Germany because of her Jewish heritage. During this time her father was arrested and jailed, and although he and his wife were able to flee to Switzerland upon his release, they later returned to Germany and perished in the The Holocaust. Goldhaber remained in Germany until the completion of her Ph.D. in 1935, at which point she fled to London. Although Goldhaber's parents did not escape the Nazis her sister Liselotte did.

Later life
For the first six months of her stay in London, Goldhaber lived off the money she made from selling her Leica camera, as well as money earned from translating from German to English. Goldhaber found that having a Ph.D. was a disadvantage as there were more spots for refugee students than for refugee scientists. She wrote to 35 other refugee scientists looking for work, and was told by all but one that there were already too many refugee scientists already working.

Only Maurice Goldhaber wrote back offering any hope, stating that he thought she might be able to find work in Cambridge. Goldhaber was able to find work in George Paget Thomson's lab working on electron diffraction.[7] Although she had a post-doc position with Thomson, Goldhaber realized that she wasn't going to be offered a real position with him and so looked for other work.

In 1939 Gertrude married Maurice Goldhaber. She then moved to Urbana, Illinois to join him at the University of Illinois. The state of Illinois had strict anti-nepotism laws at the time which prevented Gertrude Goldhaber from being hired by the university because her husband already had a position there. Goldhaber was granted neither salary nor laboratory space, and had so was forced to work in Maurice's lab as an unpaid assistant.

Since Maurice's lab was only set up for nuclear physics research, Gertrude Goldhaber was forced to take up research in that field as well. During this time Gertrude and Maurice Goldhaber had two sons: Alfred and Michael. Goldhaber was eventually given a soft-money line by the department to help support her research.

Goldhaber studied neutron-proton and neutron-nucleus reaction cross sections in 1941, and gamma radiation emission and absorption by nuclei in 1942. Around this time she also observed that spontaneous nuclear fission is accompanied by the release of neutrons — a result that had be theorized earlier but had yet to be shown. Her work with spontaneous nuclear fission was classified during the war, and was only published after the war ended in 1946.

Gertrude and Maurice Goldhaber moved from Illinois to Long Island where they both joined the staff of Brookhaven National Laboratory. At the laboratory she founded a series of monthly lectures known as the Brookhaven Lecture Series which is still continuing as of June 17, 2009.